Radiation Dose–Volume Effects of Optic Nerves and Chiasm

IJROBP Volume 76, Issue 3, Supplement, Pages S28-S35 (1 March 2010)

Publications relating radiation toxicity of the optic nerves and chiasm to quantitative dose and dose–volume measures were reviewed. Few studies have adequate data for dose–volume outcome modeling. The risk of toxicity increased markedly at doses >60 Gy at ≈1.8 Gy/fraction and at >12 Gy for single-fraction radiosurgery. The evidence is strong that radiation tolerance is increased with a reduction in the dose per fraction. Models of threshold tolerance were examined.

Selected data from Table 1, Table 2 used to compare incidence of radiation-induced optic neuropathy (RION) vs. maximum dose (Dmax) to optic nerves. Selected studies generally used fraction sizes with range of 1.8–2.0 Gy, assessed the dose to the nerve directly from their best estimate of dose distribution in the structure (i.e., not as a partial volume average), did not include pituitary lesions (lower tolerance), and selected patient age <70 years (if segregated). Bars illustrate range of doses for groups characterized by incidence values. Points offset from 0% to ≤1% were shifted to clearly show range bars. For points displayed at 0%, available range information was outside 50–70 Gy. Threshold for RION appears to be 55–60 Gy. However, range bars illustrate treatment in 60–65 Gy range for some studies without RION. Data estimated from tables, figures, and text reported in the studies, because exact incidence data were not always provided. The 1 patient in the study by Parsons with an event in the 55–60-Gy range was treated to 59 Gy. The 1 patients with an event in the study by Martel in the 55–60-Gy range received 59.5 Gy.

Isoeffect linear-quadratic model extrapolations and alternative biologically effective threshold models (curves) compared with reported maximum optic nerve/chiasm doses detailing incidence of radiation-induced optic neuropathy (RION) (symbols) for full range of dose per fraction. Linear-quadratic model was unreliable for extrapolating from fractionated (1.8–2.0-Gy/fraction) dose range to single-fraction range. Detailed data needed for low (<1.8 Gy) and hypofractionated regions to better define organ response.